1. 1876: the first sentence
2. 1877: a wire to everyone
3. 1878: the first exchange
4. 1878: the first operators
5. 1891: the switch with no operator
6. 1900s: party lines
7. 1919: the dial
8. 1945 and after: homes
9. 1963: push-button

The first sentence

March 1876 · Boston

Alexander Graham Bell was working in a cramped Boston workshop with his assistant, Thomas Watson. On March 7, 1876, the U.S. patent for the telephone was granted to Bell. It covered a way to turn sound into a changing electrical current and back into sound again.

Three days later, on March 10, Bell called out through his transmitter. The words he wrote down afterward were: “Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you.” Watson, in the next room, heard it through the receiver. It was the first understandable sentence sent over a telephone wire.

A wire to everyone

1877 · Boston and New England

In 1877 Bell and his backers formed the Bell Telephone Company. At first the business was leasing phones, usually in pairs. You rented one for your shop and one for your house, and a private wire ran between them. If you wanted to call a neighbor too, that was another wire. Ten neighbors who wanted to call each other meant a tangle of forty-five separate lines.

The obvious fix was one central place where every wire ended. Call the office, and the office connects you to whoever you asked for. That one idea turned the telephone from a gadget into a network.

The first telephone exchange

January 1878 · New Haven, Connecticut

The District Telephone Company of New Haven opened its exchange in January 1878 with a small group of subscribers, on a switchboard built by George W. Coy. A few weeks later the company printed what is usually called the first telephone directory: a single sheet with about fifty names. It was a real business, and for the first time a stranger’s voice came through the same office as yours.

The first operators

September 1, 1878 · Boston

Operators were the most important people in the new system, because every call went through a person. Early switchboards were often staffed by boys, who were cheap and quick. The story usually told is that they were also rude and unreliable, so companies began hiring women.

Emma Nutt is usually named as the first woman telephone operator. She started on September 1, 1878, at the Boston Telephone Dispatch Company. Operators were expected to be polite, fast and patient, and they set the tone for what a phone call sounded like for a whole generation. The “hello girl” came out of that job.

The switch with no operator

1891–1892 · La Porte, Indiana

In 1891 Almon Brown Strowger, an undertaker in Kansas City, patented an automatic telephone exchange. A caller pressed buttons, and a stepping switch moved a wiper across a bank of contacts until it reached the right line. The first installation ran in La Porte, Indiana, in 1892.

The story that goes with it says Strowger suspected the local operator, who was married to a rival undertaker, of sending his callers to her husband. That is why, supposedly, he built a switch no operator could touch.

Party lines: the phone arrives at home

1900s–1920s · farms, towns and cities

A separate wire to every house was expensive, so phone companies put several homes on one line. That was the party line. Each home had its own ring pattern, such as two longs and a short, and every home on the line heard every ring. Anyone could also quietly pick up and listen.

That was the phone’s first home life: cheap, shared and not very private. Party lines were most common where wire was costly and houses were far apart, and in many places they stayed around for decades, well after the dial and the automatic exchange had arrived.

The dial: no operator needed

November 8, 1919 · Norfolk, Virginia

Strowger’s switch needed a way to receive numbers from the caller, and the rotary dial was the answer. Pull the finger wheel around to the stop, let go, and it spins back, sending one pulse for each number it passes. The exchange counts the pulses and steps the switch. The first Bell System step-by-step automatic exchange went into service in Norfolk, Virginia, on November 8, 1919.

Automatic service spread slowly. Plenty of customers had to learn to use a dial, and operators kept handling long-distance and special calls for decades alongside it.

Almost half of homes, then most of them

1945 and 1960 · United States

Phones spread from businesses and wealthy homes into ordinary houses over several decades. By one commonly cited figure, about 45 percent of American households had a telephone in 1945. Fifteen years later the Census Bureau’s housing tables show about one household in five with no telephone available, so roughly four in five had one.

Those are national averages. They hide big gaps between cities and the countryside, and between regions: the Census notes that in 1960 more than 40 percent of homes in several southern states had no telephone, and Mississippi was at 55 percent.

Push-button, and the end of the story

1963 · Bell System

In 1963 the Bell System began offering push-button phones with a keypad it sold as Touch-Tone. Pulses from a spinning dial were replaced by tones, which were faster and let a phone do more than place a call. The first pads had ten keys; the star and pound keys came later. Plenty of dial phones stayed on kitchen walls for years afterward.

So the telephone came home in three moves. First a wire and a shared line. Then a switchboard, and later a switch that listened to a dial. Finally a keypad. Every step took one more person out of the middle of the call and put one more thing in the hands of whoever was holding the phone.

What’s documented and what’s legend

Well supported: the March 7, 1876 telephone patent and Bell’s March 10 sentence; the New Haven exchange of January 1878; Emma Nutt’s start on September 1, 1878; Strowger’s 1891 patent and the 1892 La Porte installation; the Norfolk, Virginia dial exchange of November 8, 1919; Touch-Tone in 1963.

Repeated but shaky: the rival-undertaker’s-wife story behind Strowger’s switch; “boys were rude, so women were hired” as the whole reason for the change; and every “first” claim for a particular town, which depends on what you count as an exchange.

Approximate: the 1945 and 1960 household shares. The 1945 number is the one most often quoted, and it comes from a general history source rather than a single census table.

Checked for this page: the Norfolk, Virginia date against the Telephone World switching timeline; the 1960 and later figures against the Census Bureau's Historical Census of Housing: Telephones; the 1945 figure as given in Wikipedia's History of the telephone in the United States. The other dates and names are as commonly reported in standard telephone-history accounts and may differ slightly between sources.